Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in adults in the United States. Even with strict blood sugar control, people with diabetes can still develop this condition. Some individuals may even have signs of retinopathy at the time of their diabetes diagnosis.
Early Stage: Background Diabetic Retinopathy
Background diabetic retinopathy is an early stage of the disease, characterized by damage to the small blood vessels in the retina, often around the macula (the central part of the retina). This can lead to:
- Hemorrhages: Leakage of blood into the retina
- Edema (Swelling): Fluid leakage that causes retinal swelling, which can reduce vision and cause distortion (metamorphopsia)
Fluorescein angiography is often used to diagnose this condition, and laser photocoagulation may be recommended for treatment.
Advanced Stage: Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
As diabetic retinopathy progresses, it can lead to proliferative retinopathy, a more severe form of the disease. This occurs when progressive oxygen deprivation (ischemia) triggers the abnormal growth of blood vessels on the retinal surface (neovascularization). While these blood vessels may not immediately affect vision, they are fragile and prone to rupturing, leading to vitreous hemorrhage—a major cause of sudden, severe vision loss.
In advanced cases, abnormal blood vessels can also cause tractional retinal detachment, where the retina is pulled away from its normal position. Laser photocoagulation remains the primary treatment for proliferative diabetic retinopathy, but vitrectomy surgery may be necessary for cases involving vitreous hemorrhage or retinal detachment.
Risk Factors and Prevention
While diabetic retinopathy cannot always be avoided, proper management of certain factors can help slow its progression:
- Blood Sugar Control: The most important step in reducing risk
- Blood Pressure Management: Hypertension can worsen retinopathy
- Cholesterol Levels: High lipid levels can contribute to more severe disease
- Pregnancy: Can increase the risk and severity of retinopathy
Protect Your Vision with Regular Eye Exams
Early detection is crucial in preventing vision loss from diabetic retinopathy. Routine eye exams can help identify signs of the disease before they cause significant damage. If you have diabetes, schedule a comprehensive eye exam at Cliffside Eye Center today to monitor your eye health and discuss the best treatment options.
